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Difference between sigma bond and pi bond (Sigma bond vs Pi bond) The process of mixing of atomic orbitals of nearly same energy to produce a set of entirely new orbitals of equivalent energy (hybrid orbitals) is known as hybridization. Atomic orbitals of almost the same energy belonging to the same atom or ion can take part in hybridization.. The number of hybrid orbitals formed is always equal to the number of atomic orbitals taking part in hybridization. The hybrid orbitals repel each other and tend to be farthest apart. Hybrid orbitals forms only sigma (σ  bonds ) σ and pi bonds(  π bonds ) are formed by unhybridised orbitals. Sigma bond : This type of covalent bond is formed by the  axial or end to end overlapping  of half filled atomic orbitals of the atoms participating in bonding. The electron cloud formed as a result of axial overlap is cylindrically symmetrical about inter nuclear axis.  Pi bond : This type of bond is formed by lateral or side wise overlap

Q. How many atoms are there in 3 mole of Na? Ans.-  1 mole of Na has 6.022* 10^24 atoms             Thus ,3 Mole has -- 3*6.022*10^24                                            = 18.066*10^24 atoms.

Lewis symbol  & structure for S & S*2-       S - Sulphur Atomic no.- 16 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p4 Total No of electron (e-) in outer most orbit :-- 4 Thus, Valency :- 6    (2+4 )   (3rd orbit)                      Structure       There, is Six (6) electron in its orbit or it is a electronegative element.     Now,      S*2 - Sulphur 2*-  means that sulphur gained two electrons.      s*2-  (  Sulphur 2*-   ) Atomic no.- 16 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 [+2 Gained Electron ].   ( Full filled orbital due to gained electron pair)                   Structure

Q.  What is a 🌟 Star? A star is a huge glowing ball of hot gas, mainly hydrogen and helium. Te mperature is so high in its core that nuclear fusion occurs, producing energy. The outward pressure of gas heated by fusion is balanced by the inward pull of gravity, leaving the star in hydrostatic equilibrium. This balance of forces lasts for most of a star’s life, maintaining its steady temperature. Radiation and convection carry the energy from the core out through a star’s atmosphere. When the energy gets high enough in the atmosphere that the region above it is transparent, it escapes out into space as light of all wave- lengths, as well as stellar wind. Though stars may appear static, they rotate and vary in luminosity. There are hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy alone. Among them is our Sun, the closest star to Earth. Credit:  John Chumack                       Where do stars come from? Every star forms in a huge cloud of gas and d

Q. What Is SuperNova? A supernova is the explosion of a star. It is the largest explosion that takes place in space. Where Do Supernovas Take Place? Supernovas are often seen in other galaxies. But supernovas are difficult to see in our own Milky Way galaxy because dust blocks our view. In 1604, Johannes Kepler discovered the last observed supernova in the Milky Way. NASA’s Chandra telescope discovered the   remains of a more recent supernova. It exploded in the Milky Way more than a hundred years ago. What Causes a Supernova? A supernova happens where there is a change in the core, or center, of a star. A change can occur in two different ways, with both resulting in a supernova. The first type of supernova happens in binary star systems. Binary stars are two stars that orbit the same point. One of the stars, a carbon-oxygen  white dwarf , steals matter from its companion star. Eventually, the white dwarf accumulates too much matter. Having too much matter cause

Q.   What  is Space? First, some simple answers: space is everything in the universe beyond the top of the Earth’s atmosphere – the Moon, where the GPS satellites orbit, Mars, other stars, the Milky Way, black holes, and distant quasars. Space also means what’s between planets, moons, stars, etc – it’s the near-vacuum otherwise known as the interplanetary medium, the interstellar medium, the inter-galactic medium, the intra-cluster medium, etc; in other words, it’s very low density gas or plasma (‘space physics’ is, in fact, just a branch of plasma physics!). But you really want to know what space  is , don’t you? You’re asking about the thing that’s like time, or mass. And one simple, but profound, answer to the question “What is space?” is “that which you measure with a ruler”. And why is this a profound answer? Because thinking about it lead Einstein to develop first the theory of special relativity, and then the theory of general relativity. And those theories overth

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